COVID-19 and Nutrition: Focus on Chronic Kidney Disease.

Some chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be associated with poor outcomes, including a high rate of hospitalization and death after COVID-19 infection. In addition to the vaccination program, diet intervention is essential for boosting immunity and preventing complications. A healthy diet containing bioactive compounds may help mitigate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress caused by COVID-19. In this review, we discuss dietary interventions for mitigating COVID-19 complications, including in persons with CKD, which can worsen COVID-19 symptoms and its clinical outcomes, while diet may help patients with CKD to resist the ravages of COVID-19 by improving the immune system, modulating gut dysbiosis, mitigating COVID-19 complications, and reducing hospitalization and mortality. The concept of food as medicine, also known as culinary medicine, for patients with CKD can be extrapolated to COVID-19 infection because healthy foods and nutraceuticals have the potential to exert an important antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant role.

Obesity and survival in a national cohort of incident hemodialysis patients: An analysis of the Brazilian Dialysis Registry.

INTRODUCTION: A phenomenon called the "obesity paradox" has consistently been reported in several cohorts of patients on chronic hemodialysis. In this setting, a higher body mass index (BMI) is paradoxically associated with better survival. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BMI on mortality in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis using the Brazilian Dialysis Registry. METHODS: This was a retrospective national cohort study with data on incident hemodialysis patients collected between January 2011 to December 2018. Those aged <18 or > 80 years were excluded from the study. The variables studied were the clinical and laboratory data regularly collected at the dialysis units. The variable of primary interest was BMI, represented as the median of the entire dialysis treatment and stratified into four ranges according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The primary outcome was death within 4 years. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to test associations with mortality. FINDINGS: The analyzed sample consisted of 5489 patients from 73 centers in five regions of the country. Of these, 5.9% were underweight, 48.3% were of normal weight, 31.0% were overweight, and 14.7% were obese. The 4-year survival rates in these BMI ranges were 58%, 70%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. The probability of survival for each BMI extract was significantly different from that in the normal-weight range (p < 0.05). In the fully adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression model, BMI > 24.9 kg/m2 remained an independent protective factor for mortality (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.62-0.95, p = 0.016). DISCUSSION: In Brazil, being overweight and obese are protective factors for survival in the chronic hemodialysis population.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2021 / Censo Brasileiro de Diálise 2021

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Brazilian Dialysis Survey (BDS) is an important source of national data about people on chronic dialysis that contributes to the formulation of health policies regarding kidney failure. Objective: To report the 2021 epidemiological data from the BDS of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (BSN). Methods: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire covering clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients in chronic dialysis, data on dialysis therapy, characteristics of dialysis centers, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2021. Results: Thirty percent (n = 252) of the centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2021, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 148,363. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 696 and 224, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 94.2% were on hemodialysis (HD) (1.8% of these on hemodiafiltration), and 5.8% on peritoneal dialysis (PD); 21% were on the transplant waiting list. The incidence rate of confirmed COVID-19 between January and July 2021 was 1,236/10,000 dialysis patients, and the case-fatality rate reached 25.5%. Up to July 2021, 88.6% of patients had received at least one dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The estimated overall and COVID-19 crude annual mortality rates were 22.3% and 5.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The absolute number and the prevalence rate of patients on chronic dialysis continue to increase. Most dialysis patients were vaccinated against COVID-19 during the year. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated to the overall mortality rate.

RESUMO Introdução: O Censo Brasileiro de Diálise (CBD) constitui importante fonte de dados nacionais sobre pessoas em diálise crônica que contribui para a formulação de políticas de saúde. Objetivo: Relatar dados epidemiológicos de 2021 do CBD da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN). Métodos: Realizou-se pesquisa em centros brasileiros de diálise crônica utilizando questionário online abrangendo aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de pacientes em diálise crônica, dados sobre terapia dialítica, características dos centros de diálise e o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 em 2021. Resultados: Trinta por cento (n = 252) dos centros responderam ao questionário. Em Julho de 2021, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi 148.363. As taxas estimadas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes por milhão da população (pmp) foram 696 e 224, respectivamente. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 94,2% estavam em hemodiálise (HD) (1,8% destes em hemodiafiltração), e 5,8% em diálise peritoneal (DP); 21% estavam na lista de espera para transplante. A taxa de incidência de COVID-19 confirmada entre Janeiro e Julho de 2021 foi 1.236/10.000 pacientes em diálise, e a taxa de letalidade atingiu 25,5%. Até Julho de 2021, 88,6% dos pacientes haviam recebido pelo menos uma dose da vacina anti-SARS-CoV-2. As taxas estimadas de mortalidade bruta anual geral e por COVID-19 foram de 22,3% e 5,3%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O número absoluto e a taxa de prevalência de pacientes em diálise crônica continuam aumentando. A maioria dos pacientes em diálise foram vacinados contra COVID-19 durante o ano. A pandemia COVID-19 contribuiu com a taxa de mortalidade geral.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2021.

INTRODUCTION: The Brazilian Dialysis Survey (BDS) is an important source of national data about people on chronic dialysis that contributes to the formulation of health policies regarding kidney failure. OBJECTIVE: To report the 2021 epidemiological data from the BDS of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (BSN). METHODS: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire covering clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients in chronic dialysis, data on dialysis therapy, characteristics of dialysis centers, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2021. RESULTS: Thirty percent (n = 252) of the centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2021, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 148,363. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 696 and 224, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 94.2% were on hemodialysis (HD) (1.8% of these on hemodiafiltration), and 5.8% on peritoneal dialysis (PD); 21% were on the transplant waiting list. The incidence rate of confirmed COVID-19 between January and July 2021 was 1,236/10,000 dialysis patients, and the case-fatality rate reached 25.5%. Up to July 2021, 88.6% of patients had received at least one dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The estimated overall and COVID-19 crude annual mortality rates were 22.3% and 5.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The absolute number and the prevalence rate of patients on chronic dialysis continue to increase. Most dialysis patients were vaccinated against COVID-19 during the year. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated to the overall mortality rate.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2020 / Censo Brasileiro de Diálise 2020

Abstract Introduction: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential to support the development of health policies aimed at improving the treatment for thousands of people. Objective: To report epidemiological data from the 2020 Brazilian Dialysis Survey, sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. Methods: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire for the year, covering clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients in a chronic dialysis program, data on dialysis therapy, characteristics of dialysis units and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: 235 (28%) of the centers responded to the questionnaire. In July 2020, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 144,779. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 684 and 209, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 92.6% were on hemodialysis (HD) and 7.4% were on peritoneal dialysis (PD); 23% were on the transplant waiting list. A central venous catheter was used by a quarter of patients on HD. The incidence rate of confirmed COVID-19 between February and July 2020 was 684/10,000 dialysis patients, and the lethality rate was 25.7%. The estimated overall mortality and COVID-19 crude annual mortality rates were 24.5 and 4.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The absolute number of patients on chronic dialysis and prevalence rate continued to increase. The low use of PD as dialysis therapy was maintained and the use of long-term catheters for HD increased. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the increase in the overall mortality rate.

Resumo Introdução: Dados nacionais sobre tratamento dialítico crônico são essenciais para apoiar o desenvolvimento de políticas de saúde destinadas a melhorar o tratamento de milhares de pessoas. Objetivo: Relatar dados epidemiológicos do Censo Brasileiro de Diálise 2020, patrocinado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Métodos: Realizou-se pesquisa em centros brasileiros de diálise crônica utilizando questionário online relativo ao ano, abrangendo aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de pacientes em programa de diálise crônica, dados sobre terapia dialítica, características das unidades de diálise e impacto da pandemia COVID-19. Resultados: 235 (28%) centros responderam ao questionário. Em julho de 2020, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi 144.779. As taxas estimadas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes por milhão da população (pmp) foram 684 e 209, respectivamente. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 92,6% estavam em hemodiálise (HD) e 7,4% em diálise peritoneal (DP); 23% estavam na lista de espera para transplante. Cateter venoso central foi utilizado por um quarto dos pacientes em HD. A taxa de incidência de COVID-19 confirmada entre fevereiro e julho de 2020 foi 684/10.000 pacientes em diálise, a taxa de letalidade foi 25,7%. As taxas estimadas de mortalidade geral e mortalidade bruta anual por COVID-19 foram 24,5 e 4,2%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O número absoluto de pacientes em diálise crônica e a taxa de prevalência continuaram a aumentar. O baixo uso de DP como terapia de diálise foi mantido e o uso de cateteres de longa permanência para HD aumentou. A pandemia COVID-19 contribuiu para o aumento da taxa de mortalidade geral.

Kidney Function in Factory Workers Exposed to Heat Stress: A 2-Year Follow-up Study.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study are to re-evaluate kidney function in workers exposed and not exposed to heat stress after 2 years and to compare kidney function cross-shift using creatinine and cystatin C. METHODS: Participants were workers from a metallurgical industry. The clinical and biochemical markers of hydration and kidney function were evaluated before and after a single shift in work. RESULTS: We included 14 workers (6 in the heat group and 8 in the control group). The serum creatinine levels did not change during the follow-up period. Cross-shift, creatinine-based eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) decreased, and cystatin C-based eGFR was maintained in the heat and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Workers exposed to heat stress maintained their kidney function after a 2-year follow-up. Cystatin C is a better kidney function marker than creatinine for cross-shift assessments in this setting.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2020.

INTRODUCTION: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential to support the development of health policies aimed at improving the treatment for thousands of people. OBJECTIVE: To report epidemiological data from the 2020 Brazilian Dialysis Survey, sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. METHODS: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire for the year, covering clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients in a chronic dialysis program, data on dialysis therapy, characteristics of dialysis units and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: 235 (28%) of the centers responded to the questionnaire. In July 2020, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 144,779. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 684 and 209, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 92.6% were on hemodialysis (HD) and 7.4% were on peritoneal dialysis (PD); 23% were on the transplant waiting list. A central venous catheter was used by a quarter of patients on HD. The incidence rate of confirmed COVID-19 between February and July 2020 was 684/10,000 dialysis patients, and the lethality rate was 25.7%. The estimated overall mortality and COVID-19 crude annual mortality rates were 24.5 and 4.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The absolute number of patients on chronic dialysis and prevalence rate continued to increase. The low use of PD as dialysis therapy was maintained and the use of long-term catheters for HD increased. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the increase in the overall mortality rate.

Female nurses have a higher prevalence of urinary tract symptoms and infection than other occupations in dialysis units / Técnicas de enfermagem têm uma prevalência maior de sintomas e infecções do trato urinário do que outras ocupações em unidades de diálise

Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract symptoms and infection have been associated with occupational factors that impact hydration habits particularly in women. We compared self-reported urinary symptoms and infection and hydration habits between nurses and other occupations in dialysis units. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Participants worked in five nephrology centers in Brazil and answered an online questionnaire comprising questions regarding urinary tract symptoms and infection episodes in the preceding year; data on usual daily beverage intake, urine frequency, and urine color according to a urine color chart were also collected, as well as perceptions of water access and toilet adequacy at work. Results: We included 133 women (age=36.9±9.5 years). The self-reported usual daily beverage intake was 6.6±2.9 cups/day (~1320 mL), daily urine frequency was 5.4±2.1, and urine color chart score: 3.0±1.2. Nurses (N=66/49.6%) reported higher prevalence of burning sensation (50 versus 27%; P<0.001), urinary urgency (42 versus 21%; P<0.001), and infection (42% versus 25%; P=0.04) as well as lower liquid intake (6.0±2.6 versus 7.3±3.0 cups/day; P=0.01) than controls. Forty four percent of nurses reported being able to drink when thirsty "always" and "most of the time" versus 93% of the control group. Conclusion: Dialysis female nurses reported lower beverage intake and higher prevalence of symptoms and infection than other occupations in the same environment. Interventions to improve hydration can potentially decrease urinary problems in this population.

Resumo Introdução: Sintomas e infecções do trato urinário têm sido associados a fatores ocupacionais que afetam hábitos de hidratação, particularmente em mulheres. Comparamos sintomas e infecções urinárias autorrelatados e hábitos de hidratação entre técnicas de enfermagem e outras ocupações em unidades de diálise. Métodos: Estudo transversal. As participantes trabalhavam em cinco centros de nefrologia no Brasil e responderam um questionário online contendo perguntas sobre sintomas do trato urinário e episódios de infecção no ano anterior; também foram coletados dados sobre a ingestão diária habitual de bebidas, frequência e cor da urina de acordo com uma tabela de cores da urina, assim como percepções sobre o acesso à água e adequação das instalações sanitárias no trabalho. Resultados: Incluímos 133 mulheres (idade=36,9±9,5 anos). Em média, as participantes relataram ingestão de bebidas de 6,6±2,9 copos/dia (~1320 mL), frequência urinária de 5,4±2,1 vezes/dia e escore da tabela de cores da urina de 3,0±1,2. Técnicas de enfremagem (N=66/49,6%) relataram maior prevalência de sensação de ardor (50 versus 27%; P<0,001), urgência urinária (42 versus 21%; P<0,001), e infecção (42% versus 25%; P=0,04), bem como menor ingestão de líquidos (6,0±2,6 versus 7,3±3,0 copos/dia; P=0,01) do que controles. Quarenta e quatro por cento das técnicas de enfermagem relataram poder beber quando têm sede "sempre" e "na maioria das vezes" contra 93% do grupo controle. Conclusão: Técnicas de enfermagem de unidades de diálise relataram menor ingestão de bebidas e maior prevalência de sintomas e infecção do que outras ocupações no mesmo ambiente de trabalho. Intervenções para melhorar a hidratação podem diminuir problemas urinários nesta população.

The Diagnosis of Protein Energy Wasting in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Is Influenced by the Method of Calculating Muscle Mass. A Prospective, Multicenter Study.

Objective: To analyze the concordance and agreement between bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and anthropometry for the diagnosis of protein energy wasting (PEW) in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods: Prospective, multi-center, observational study using multifrequency bioimpedance device (Body Composition Monitor -BCM ® - Fresenius Medical Care) and anthropometry for the diagnosis of PEW as recommended by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM). Cohen's kappa was the main test used to analyze concordance and a Bland-Altmann curve was built to evaluate the agreement between both methods. Results: We included 137 patients from three PD clinics. The mean age of the study population was 57.7 ± 14.9, 47.8% had diabetes, and 52.2% were male. We calculated the scores for PEW diagnosis at 3 and 6 months after the first collection (T3 and T6) and on average 40% of the study population were diagnosed with PEW. The concordance in the diagnosis of PEW was only moderate between anthropometry and BIS at both T3 and T6. The main factor responsible for our results was a low to moderate correlation for muscle mass in kilograms, with an r-squared (R2) of 0.35. The agreement was poor, with a difference of more than 10 kg of muscle mass on average and with more than a quarter of all cases beyond the limits of agreements. Conclusion: Current diagnosis of PEW may differ depending on the tools used to measure muscle mass in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Development and implementation of telehealth for peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant patients monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic / Desenvolvimento e implementação do atendimento a distância para acompanhamento de pacientes em diálise peritoneal e tranplantados renais durante a pandemia de covid-19

Abstract The coronavirus (Sars-Cov-2) pandemic raised the need for social distance to reduce its spread. Chronic kidney disease patients on renal replacement therapy are especially susceptible to developing the most severe form of COVID-19, and, at the same time, require regular medical and multidisciplinary periodic follow-up. On an emergency basis, Brazil's professional regulatory bodies authorized telehealth assistance, which made possible to migrate from face-to-face to distance appointments in health services across the country, when necessary. This article's main objective is to describe the process of developing and implementing telehealth for monitoring renal transplant patients and patients on peritoneal dialysis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo A pandemia do coronavírus (Sars-CoV-2) trouxe a necessidade do isolamento social para a diminuição de sua propagação. Pacientes renais crônicos em terapia renal substitutiva são especialmente suscetíveis a desenvolverem a forma mais grave da covid-19, e, ao mesmo tempo, necessitam de acompanhamento médico e multidisciplinar regular com consultas periódicas. Em caráter emergencial, órgãos regulatórios profissionais brasileiros passaram a autorizar o atendimento da equipe de saúde por meio da teleconsulta, o que tornou possível a migração das consultas presenciais para consultas a distância nos serviços de saúde em todo o país, quando necessário. O principal objetivo deste artigo foi descrever o processo de desenvolvimento e implementação da teleorientação para acompanhamento de pacientes transplantados renais e em diálise peritoneal de um serviço de Joinville, SC, durante a pandemia de covid-19.

The Environmental Role of Hydration in Kidney Health and Disease.

Clinical Background: Hydration status, which is influenced by environment and self-behavior is associated with kidney health and disease. Epidemiology: Lack of safe water, sanitation, and high temperatures are environmental issues that affect a significant part of the worldwide population. Occupational factors that discourage proper hydration, as well as low water intake in favorable environment conditions, are also highly prevalent. As a consequence, inadequate water intake can lead to several kidney problems ranging from uncomplicated urinary tract infections to kidney stones, acute kidney injury, and chronic disorders with high mortality rates. Challenges: Increasing water intake is an individual effort when self-behavior is the main reason for inadequate hydration status. When the environment is an obstacle, it might require complex changes in a concerted multidisciplinary effort from employers, health authorities, researchers, and governments. Prevention and Treatment: Strategies can be implemented at global, local, and individual levels. Global efforts include actions to decrease poverty and climate change consequences, while increasing access to safe water and sanitation. Local actions can improve working conditions and access to water and toilets to workers. At an individual level, self-monitoring through regular observation of thirst sensation, acute weight loss, urine frequency, and urine color are recommended tools to monitor hydration status.

Female nurses have a higher prevalence of urinary tract symptoms and infection than other occupations in dialysis units.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract symptoms and infection have been associated with occupational factors that impact hydration habits particularly in women. We compared self-reported urinary symptoms and infection and hydration habits between nurses and other occupations in dialysis units. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Participants worked in five nephrology centers in Brazil and answered an online questionnaire comprising questions regarding urinary tract symptoms and infection episodes in the preceding year; data on usual daily beverage intake, urine frequency, and urine color according to a urine color chart were also collected, as well as perceptions of water access and toilet adequacy at work. RESULTS: We included 133 women (age=36.9±9.5 years). The self-reported usual daily beverage intake was 6.6±2.9 cups/day (~1320 mL), daily urine frequency was 5.4±2.1, and urine color chart score: 3.0±1.2. Nurses (N=66/49.6%) reported higher prevalence of burning sensation (50 versus 27%; P<0.001), urinary urgency (42 versus 21%; P<0.001), and infection (42% versus 25%; P=0.04) as well as lower liquid intake (6.0±2.6 versus 7.3±3.0 cups/day; P=0.01) than controls. Forty four percent of nurses reported being able to drink when thirsty "always" and "most of the time" versus 93% of the control group. CONCLUSION: Dialysis female nurses reported lower beverage intake and higher prevalence of symptoms and infection than other occupations in the same environment. Interventions to improve hydration can potentially decrease urinary problems in this population.

Urgent vs. early-start peritoneal dialysis: patients' profile and outcomes / Diálise peritoneal de urgência vs. início precoce: perfil dos pacientes e resultados

ABSTRACT Introduction: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been considered a safe option of therapy in end-stage renal disease patients with urgent need of dialysis. Recently, it was proposed that Urgent-Start-PD (US-PD) be defined when PD starts within 72 hours after catheter placement and "early start" PD (ES-PD) when PD starts between 3 and 14 days after. We aimed to compare demographic and clinical characteristics between patients in US-PD and ES-PD as well as 30-day complications, 6-month hospitalization, and dropout rate. Methods: Adult patients starting PD within 14 days after catheter insertion (October/2016 - February/2019) were included and divided into US-PD group and ES-PD group based on the their PD initiation time. Clinical and demographic data, fill volume for the first PD session, 30-day complications, 6-month hospitalization, and dropout rate were assessed. Results: In our study, 72 patients were analyzed (US-PD=40, ES-PD=32) with mean age of 53.2±15.2 years old. No differences between US-PD and ES-PD regarding demographic characteristics, 30-day complications, 6-month hospitalization, and dropout events were found. The most frequent short-term complication in patients who started PD urgently was leakage. The most common cause of dropout was transfer to HD. Conclusion: Fifty five percent of our sample started PD less than 72 hours after catheter insertion. The lack of difference in the measured outcomes compared to patients that had therapy initiated after this period encourages the use of urgent PD when needed.

RESUMO Introdução: A diálise peritoneal (DP) tem sido considerada uma opção segura de terapia em pacientes com doença renal terminal com necessidade urgente de diálise. Recentemente, foi proposto que a DP de início urgente (US-PD) fosse definida quando a DP iniciar dentro de 72 horas após o implante do cateter, e a DP de "início precoce" (ES-PD) quando a DP iniciar entre 3 e 14 dias após o procedimento. Nosso objetivo foi comparar características demográficas e clínicas entre pacientes em US-PD e ES-PD, bem como complicações em 30 dias, internação por 6 meses e taxa de saída do tratamento. Métodos: Pacientes adultos iniciando DP em até 14 dias após a inserção do cateter (outubro/2016 - fevereiro/2019) foram incluídos e divididos no grupo US-PD ou ES-PD com base no tempo de início da DP. Dados clínicos e demográficos, volume de preenchimento na primeira sessão de DP, complicações em 30 dias, hospitalização por 6 meses e taxa de saída foram avaliados. Resultados: Em nosso estudo, 72 pacientes foram analisados (US-PD = 40, ES-PD = 32) com média de idade de 53,2 ± 15,2 anos. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre US-PD e ES-PD em relação às características demográficas, complicações em 30 dias, hospitalização por 6 meses e saída do tratamento. A complicação de curto prazo mais frequente nos pacientes que iniciaram a DP com urgência foi o extravasamento de líquido peritoneal. A causa mais comum de saída foi a transferência para HD. Conclusão: Mais da metade da nossa amostra iniciou a DP menos de 72 horas após a inserção do cateter. A falta de diferença nos desfechos mensurados em comparação com os pacientes que iniciaram o tratamento após esse período incentiva o uso de US-PD quando necessário.

Urgent vs. early-start peritoneal dialysis: patients' profile and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been considered a safe option of therapy in end-stage renal disease patients with urgent need of dialysis. Recently, it was proposed that Urgent-Start-PD (US-PD) be defined when PD starts within 72 hours after catheter placement and "early start" PD (ES-PD) when PD starts between 3 and 14 days after. We aimed to compare demographic and clinical characteristics between patients in US-PD and ES-PD as well as 30-day complications, 6-month hospitalization, and dropout rate. METHODS: Adult patients starting PD within 14 days after catheter insertion (October/2016 - February/2019) were included and divided into US-PD group and ES-PD group based on the their PD initiation time. Clinical and demographic data, fill volume for the first PD session, 30-day complications, 6-month hospitalization, and dropout rate were assessed. RESULTS: In our study, 72 patients were analyzed (US-PD=40, ES-PD=32) with mean age of 53.2±15.2 years old. No differences between US-PD and ES-PD regarding demographic characteristics, 30-day complications, 6-month hospitalization, and dropout events were found. The most frequent short-term complication in patients who started PD urgently was leakage. The most common cause of dropout was transfer to HD. CONCLUSION: Fifty five percent of our sample started PD less than 72 hours after catheter insertion. The lack of difference in the measured outcomes compared to patients that had therapy initiated after this period encourages the use of urgent PD when needed.

Higher Frequency of Fruit Intake Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Constipation in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVES: Constipation is a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder commonly found in hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this multicenter cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with constipation, including the frequency of dietary fiber intake. METHODS: HD patients from 4 dialysis clinics were invited. Participants answered a questionnaire which included Roma IV criteria to assess constipation status, use of medications, and lifestyle habits. A food frequency questionnaire with 7 response options on the main dietary fiber sources (fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and seeds) was also applied. Answers were transformed into a score to estimate the weekly intake frequency, and every score point corresponded to one time per week. Demographical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Univariate analysis was used to compare participants according to constipation status, and variables with P < .20 were included in the regression analysis model. RESULTS: Three hundred five HD patients were included (male: 51%; age: 52.2 ± 14.7 years old; HD vintage: 46 (19-82) months). Ninety-three participants had constipation (30.5%). Median (interquartile) food frequency questionnaire scores were as follows: fruits: 6 (2-14); vegetables: 6 (3-10); legumes: 3 (1-7); whole grain: 0 (0-1); and seeds: 0 (0-0). In univariate analysis, participants with constipation were significantly older, had lower literacy, higher prevalence of diabetes, and lower total beverage intake. The logistic regression analysis model also included body mass index, wheelchair need, sedentarism, fruits score, and seeds score (all with P < .20 in the univariate analysis). The independent predictors of constipation were diabetes (odds ratio = 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.07-3.6, P = .03) and fruits intake score (odds ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.91-0.99, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Almost one-third of the participants had constipation. The independent determinants of constipation were diabetes and lower frequency of fruit intake. Nutritional counseling to increase fiber intake can potentially decrease the prevalence of constipation in this population.

Development and implementation of telehealth for peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant patients monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus (Sars-Cov-2) pandemic raised the need for social distance to reduce its spread. Chronic kidney disease patients on renal replacement therapy are especially susceptible to developing the most severe form of COVID-19, and, at the same time, require regular medical and multidisciplinary periodic follow-up. On an emergency basis, Brazil's professional regulatory bodies authorized telehealth assistance, which made possible to migrate from face-to-face to distance appointments in health services across the country, when necessary. This article's main objective is to describe the process of developing and implementing telehealth for monitoring renal transplant patients and patients on peritoneal dialysis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fluid overload is associated with use of a higher number of antihypertensive drugs in hemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is multifactorial, highly prevalent in the hemodialysis (HD) population and its adequate control requires, in addition to adequate volume management, often the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs. We aimed to describe the use of antihypertensive agents in a group of HD patients and to evaluate the factors associated with the use of multiple classes (≥3) of antihypertensives. METHODS: We analyzed the baseline data from the HDFit study. Clinically stable patients with HD vintage between 3 and 24 months without any severe mobility limitation were recruited from sites throughout southern Brazil. Fluid status was measured pre-dialysis with the Body Composition Monitor (BCM; Fresenius, Germany). Fluid overload (FO) was considered when the overhydration index (OH) was greater than 7% of extracellular water (OH/ECW > 7%) and overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2 . Prescriptions of antihypertensive drugs were obtained from participants' reports and medical records. Logistic regression was employed to determine factors associated with excessive use of antihypertensive medication (≥3 classes). FINDINGS: Of 195 studied patients, 171 with complete data were included (70% male, 53 ± 15 years old, 57% of them with FO). Pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 150 ± 24 mmHg and patients used a median of 2 (1-3) antihypertensive drugs. Vasodilators (20%) were of lowest prevalence, use of other classes varied from 40% to 53%. Sixty-two (36%) subjects used ≥3 classes and presented a higher prevalence of diabetes and FO, lower prevalence of overweight, and higher SBP. In a logistic regression model age, BMI <25 kg/m2 , and OH/ECW > 7% were associated with excessive drug use. DISCUSSION: More than one-third of participants used ≥3 classes of antihypertensive drugs, and it was associated with older age, BMI <25 kg/m2 and FO. Strategies that better manage FO may aid better blood pressure control and avoid the use of multiple antihypertensive medications.

Hydration Status and Kidney Health of Factory Workers Exposed to Heat Stress: A Pilot Feasibility Study.

Dehydration associated with heat stress increases the risk of workplace injury or illness, decreases productivity, and may contribute to the chronic kidney disease epidemic identified in outdoor workers from hot climates. There is limited research on the effects of chronic occupational heat stress among indoor workers. We aimed to test the feasibility of measuring markers of hydration and kidney function in foundry factory workers in Southern Brazil, exposed and not exposed to heat stress. Factory workers exposed to heat stress (wet bulb globe temperature ≥28.9) and not exposed to heat were identified by management and invited to participate. Clinical and biochemical markers of hydration and kidney function were evaluated before and after a single 8.5 h work shift (lunch time not included). Feasibility outcomes included rates of enrolment, % completion of study protocols, and time to complete data collection. This study was deemed feasible with 80% enrolment and 90% completion of the protocol. Among the preselected workers, the enrolment rate was 91%. All subjects completed the physiological measures and blood collection and 95% completed the urine studies. Mean time to complete data collection pre-shift was 19.1 ± 4.2 min and post-shift: 14.3 ± 4.0 min. Workers exposed to heat stress had a greater decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate compared to controls over the work shift (-13 ± 11 vs. -5 ± 7 mL/min; p < 0.01). We demonstrated the feasibility and challenges of conducting future hydration and kidney function research among indoor factory workers. Further study is needed to determine if exposure to indoor heat contributes to a decline in kidney function.

Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Salty Relationship.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension affects almost all chronic kidney disease patients and is related to poor outcomes. Sodium intake is closely related to blood pressure (BP) levels in this population and decreasing its intake consistently improves the BP control particularly in short-term controlled trials. However, most patients struggle in following a controlled diet on sodium according to the guidelines recommendation due to several factors and barriers discussed in this article. SUMMARY: This review article summarizes the current knowledge related to the associations between sodium consumption, BP, and the risk of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD); it also provides recommendations of how to achieve sodium intake lowering. Key Messages: Evidences support the benefits in decreasing sodium intake on markers of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in CKD. Trials had shorter follow-up and to maintain long-term sodium intake control is a major challenge. Larger studies with longer follow-up looking at hard endpoints will be important to drive future recommendations.